It was a hopeful time and the promise of a better day shimmered on the horizon. There was excitement about the future.
On the occasion of IWD2022, we’d like to share Unfinished Revolution, a new report from the Nobel Women’s Initiative, featuring 15 feminist leaders and women human rights defenders – legal and social justice experts and humanitarians – sharing their thoughts and analysis about the aftermath, and the degree to which the promise had been fulfilled or derailed.
An overview of the status of women human rights defenders in the Middle East and North Africa can be found on the Unfinished Revolution website, where the report, in English and in Arabic, is available for download.
https://unfinishedrevolution.nobelwomensinitiative.org
The website also features video testimonials and interactive maps providing further insight into the region.
Many defenders have experienced judicial persecution, imprisonment, torture, exile, or travel bans.
Nevertheless, these women have persisted in their advocacy – attracting international recognition and solidarity, capturing the eyes and ears of the powerful and the influential, taking their rightful place at the peace table, pursuing financial resources as well as support for mental health and the well-being of the activists and defenders. During COVID some lent their considerable organizational and networking superpowers to the humanitarian response.
The revolution is not over.
“We don’t have the luxury to stop or lose hope. The more resistant and resilient we are, the more we push the state and people to change their mindsets towards respecting women and human rights.”
Azza Soliman
Egyptian lawyer, human rights defender, feminist
Co-founder, Center for Egyptian Women’s Legal Assistance
Featured activists, human rights defenders and feminist leaders:
Dr. Leila Alikarami, Lawyer, Human Rights Advocate and Women’s Rights Expert, Iran
Intisar Al-Mayali, Writer, Poet and Journalist, Iraq
Omaima Al Najjar, Physician, Saudi Arabia
Nedal Al Salman, Acting President of the Bahrain Center for Human Rights, Bahrain
Fahima Hashim, Director of the Salmmah Women’s Resource Centre, Sudan
Mozn Hassan, Executive Director, Nazra for Feminist Studies, Egypt
Mariam Jalabi, Representative of the Syrian Opposition to the United Nations, New York
Rasha Jarhum, Director, Peace Track Initiative, Yemen
Muna Luqman, Co-founder, Women’s Solidarity Network, Yemen
Yanar Mohammed, Co-founder and Director of the Organization of Women’s Freedom in Iraq
Hana Saleh, Executive Manager, Belqees Media and TV, Yemen
Joumana Seif, Activist and Lawyer, Co-founder of the Syrian Women’s Network and Syrian Women’s Political Movement, Syria
Maryam Shafipour, Human Rights Activist, Iran
Azza Soliman, Lawyer, Feminist and Human Rights Defender, Egypt
The Women Human Rights Defenders MENA Coalition, Lebanon
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MEET NEDAL AL-SALMAN, BAHRAIN
“No one will support me more than another woman human rights activist. Women have my back.”
Nedal Al-Salman is the Acting President of the Bahrain Center for Human Rights. The Bahrain Center for Human Rights (BCHR) documents and reports on human rights violations in Bahrain. Despite a government order in November 2004 for the Center to close down, the BCHR is still operating and recently published Bahrain, Women, the Powerful Actors in Building Peace. Nedal has been targeted for her work as a woman human rights defender. She was placed under a travel ban in August 2016. Three years later, in 2019, the travel ban was lifted.
Tell me about your work as a woman human rights defender.
I live in a country that doesn’t respect human rights. And, obviously, that means that I live in a country that doesn’t respect women. I want to be a voice for women and speak about what is affecting women in Bahrain and in the region. That is why I am a woman human rights defender. My name “Nedal” means “fighter”. So, I am fighting for human rights. I was born in the same year that Bahrain had a revolution. And after all these years, we are still calling for the same thing: an elected government.
How does the government target women activists?
All human rights defenders are under threat, but targeting a woman is easier. She can be targeted in her personal life. The authorities target to women’s reputations to shame them. In our culture, a man can do anything without repercussions. It is because our culture is conservative that women are targeted in their personal lives. Targeting a woman also targets her family by shaming her. This puts women at more risk than men.
Women face travel bans, interrogations, surveillance, smear campaigns, arrests. After protests, women doctors were targeted for helping wounded protestors.
I was stopped at the airport after attending a meeting of the United Nations’ Human Rights Council. I was interrogated for three hours. I was asked: Who paid for your trip? Who is it that you are serving? Who wants you to destroy the reputation of Bahrain? What lies did you say to the United Nations? I was charged with engaging with the United Nations. That was the official charge. And I wasn’t the only human rights defender charged with that offence! I said I love my country. I want my country to respect human rights and respect women.
Can you talk about your experience with the travel ban?
I was interrogated under the Terrorism Law Court. All human rights defenders are brought before the Terrorism Law Court because in Bahrain if you are a human rights activist you are a “terrorist”. There are human rights activists behind bars now because they were convicted of under terrorism laws.
I was never told why I was under a travel ban and I was never told why it was lifted. You can, of course, [live] for three years without travel. But when a travel ban is used as a tool to silence you, it is more like being in prison. It is more than just not being able to travel or to leave your country, it is used to stop you from telling your story.
In Bahrain, women human rights defenders are always under surveillance. You are always followed. When under interrogations, they even show you photographs they have taken of you in cafes, or at meetings, or with family.
How is the space for civil society changing for women human rights defenders?
It is a total closure from 2015. We have no civic space. No independent media. No political society. We don’t even have a physical, private space in which to work. We can’t organize events or host other women. Not even small gatherings are allowed because even for those we need to have the government’s permission. No protests are allowed in Bahrain. The only protests that take place are illegal protests.
Things have gotten worse because of the influence of Saudi Arabia. In Bahrain, we were encouraging activists in Saudi Arabia. We were supporting women in Saudi Arabia to speak out about the driving ban, about their human rights. Saudi Arabia decided that all women human rights defenders needed to be silenced because the work of the human rights defenders was starting to have an impact in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia advised Bahrain to shut down human rights activists in Bahrain. To arrest human rights activists. To interrogate activists. Close organizations. Close civic space. [Implement] travel bans. Prohibit freedom of association. Jail human rights leaders. We were, basically, taught a lesson to not encourage other human rights activists in their work across the region.
What do you see as strategies for resistance?
We need to support each other. No one will support me more than another woman human rights activist. Women have my back.
My organization is banned. Not a single human rights organization is registered in Bahrain. But we still work. For example, since my organization is banned in Bahrain, we are registered in Denmark. Because we are banned, we don’t have a physical, official office. We meet at my house or at a colleagues’ house. Not being allowed to register in Bahrain impacts funding. We can’t get any funding in Bahrain. Travel for work is difficult, even within the country. So, we travel as individuals. We pay our own way.
We have a documentation team on the ground. They do the critical work of collecting information and data about the violations that are taking place in Bahrain. We continue to work to meet with victims. We produce reports and send the documentation outside Bahrain. Human rights activists are working to let people know what is happening inside Bahrain.
How would you like the international community to support women human rights defenders?
First, I want to say that sometimes, internationally, Bahrain is considered a heaven for women compared to other Gulf states. We see women in Parliament, as administrators, as diplomats, and so on. But it is just cosmetic. They are not real decision makers. They have to be loyalists and they have to follow the orders of the King.
In Bahrain, when a woman faces violence in her home, she can’t go to the authorities because they will turn her back and she might face even more abuse. A woman in Bahrain can face violence in the home, but the country’s laws violate her too.
The international community needs to, publicly, support women human rights defenders. They can do this by issuing statements, by making funds available to human rights organizations, by calling for the opening up of civic space, by speaking out about attacks on women activists. The international community can show us that we are not alone. By speaking out, we are given hope.